摘要:近年来,微塑料污染逐渐成为国内外热点问题。环境中大部分微塑料来源于塑料的破碎和降解,塑料垃圾的有效控制是解决微塑料污染的重要措施。文章在对我国塑料垃圾管理存在问题进行分析的基础上,提出了塑料垃圾和微塑料污染源头控制对策建议,包括完善塑料污染控制立法、补充和修订塑料管理相关标准,完善塑料垃圾管理的政策措施等。参照国际经验,我国还应加强塑料微珠的管理,建议尽快禁止生产和销售含塑料微珠的个人护理品。此外,还应加强微塑料清除技术的研发。加大塑料加工行业的技术创新,推动塑料生产和使用者加强清洁生产和资源化循环利用,减少塑料垃圾和微塑料的排放量,是解决塑料垃圾和微塑料污染的根本措施。
关键词:塑料垃圾 微塑料 源头控制 管理对策
Countermeasurces on Control of Plastic Litter and Microplastic Pollution
DENG Yixiang,LEI Kun,AN Lihui,LIU Ruizhi,WANG Liping,ZHANG Jiaxu
Abstract: The microplastic pollution is becoming a hot topic at home and abroad recently. Most of the microplastics in the environment comes from the decomposition of the plastic blocks, so it is essential to control the plastic litter to sovle the problem of microplastic pollution. Based on the analysis of the problems existing in the present management system of the plastic litter, the ermeasures to control the source of plastic litter and microplastic pollution are suggested, including improvement of the legislation on the plastic management, modification and complementation of the related standards, enhancement of the administrative policies, etc. By referring to the international experience, the management of the microbeads should also be emphasized. It is suggested to ban the production and sale of pharmaceuticals and personal care products with microbeads. Moreover, the microplastics removal technology should be strengthened. In summary, the technical innovation should be further strenthened in the plastic indistures, the cleaner production and resource recycling should be carried out by the plastic producers and consumers to reduce the disge of the plastic litter to the environment, which is the fundamental solution to the plastic and microplastic pollution.
Keywords:plastic littermicroplasticssource controlmanagement ermeasures
塑料是人类发明的重要基础材料,给人们的生产和生活带来了极大的便利。从20世纪50年代开始,全球塑料年增长率平均保持在8.5%。到2016年,全球塑料产量达到了3.35亿吨[1]。我国是世界塑料生产和使用大国,其中多种塑料产品,如聚氯乙烯(PVC)、氨基模塑料等产量已经位于全球首位,且进一步增长的潜力仍然十分巨大。这些塑料使用之后,一部分由于没有得到及时有效的收集处理而进入环境,并在环境中发生破碎、腐化,给地表水、土壤和海洋等带来严重的环境污染。